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2005年11月04日
Saint-Péray Mousseaux AOC
Saint-Péray Mousseaux AOC[wine]
2005年11月03日
Tie rod
Tie rod[Construction]
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Tie_rodA tie rod is a slender structural rod used as a tie (engineering)|tie and capable of carrying tension|tensile loads only. Since the ratio of its length to the radius of gyration of its cross section is usually very large, it would buckle under the action of physical compression|compressive force (physics)|forces. Tie rods are used for airplane structures and in steel structures such as bridges, industrial buildings, tanks, towers and crane (machine)|cranes. Tie rods known as sag rods are sometimes used in connection with purlins to take the component of the loads which is parallel to the roof.The working strength of a tie rod is the product of the allowable working stress and the minimum cross-sectional area. If threads are cut into a cylinder|cylindrical rod, that minimum area occurs at the root of the thread. Often rods are upset (made thicker at the ends) -- then the tie rod does not become weaker when threads are cut into it.Tie rods are connected at the ends in various ways, but it is desirable that the strength of the connection should be at least equal to the strength of the rod. The ends may be threaded and passed through drilled holes or shackles and retained by Nut (hardware) | nuts screwed on the ends. If the ends are threaded right- and left-hand the length between points of loading may be altered. This furnishes a second method for prestressing the rod at will by turning it in the nuts so that the length will be changed. A turnbuckle will accomplish the same purpose. The ends may also be swaged to receive a fitting which is connected to the supports. Another way of making end connections is to forge an eye or hook on the rod.The spokes of bicycle wheels are tie rods.A famous incident involving tie rods is the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in Kansas City, Missouri, on ! July 17, 1981. The hotel had a large atrium with three walkways crossing it suspended from tie rods. A design flaw resulted in several of the walkways collapsing, killing 114 people and injuring over 200.''See Also:'' Reinforced concrete----In automobiles a tie rod is part of the steering mechanism. |
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| Construction Renewal 2005.11.03
Insulating concrete forms / Tradesman / Infrastructure / Abated / Drywall / Papercrete / Dumper / Rammed-earth construction / Building material / Straw-bale construction / Sewer / Bond (masonry) / Corrugated galvanised iron / Guastavino tile / Mechanical floor / Ashlar / Brickwork / Arris / Concrete / Riprap
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2005年11月02日
Hectorfhags
Hectorfhags[wine]
Hectorfhags''Hectorfhags'' is a brand of Champagne (beverage)|champagne sold in Abertillery, Wales. |
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2005年11月01日
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis[Diseases]
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Ankylosing_spondylitisAnkylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory arthritis primarily affecting vertebral column|spine and sacroiliac joints, causing eventual fusion of the spine; it is a member of the group of the spondyloarthropathy|spondylarthropathies. Complete fusion results in a complete rigidity of the spine, a condition known as bamboo spine. Treatment is with physiotherapy and medication. Some cases remain mild, while other result in marked disability. |
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2005年10月31日
Silver standard
Silver standard[Finance]
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Silver_standardThe silver standard is a monetary system in which the standard economics|economic unit of account is a fixed weight of silver. It is analogous to the gold standard that has been used in various economies over time.The United States adopted a silver standard based on the "Spanish milled dollar" in 1785. This was codified in the 1792 Coinage Act (1792)|Mint and Coinage Act, and by the Federal Government of the United States|Federal Government's use of the "Bank of the United States" to hold its reserves, as well as establishing a fixed ratio of gold to the United States dollar|US dollar. This was, in effect, a derivative silver standard, since the bank was not required to keep silver to back all of its currency. This began a long series of attempts for America to create a bimetallic standard for the US Dollar, which would continue until the 1920s. Gold and silver coins were legal tender, including the Spanish real, a silver coin struck in the Western Hemisphere. Because of the! huge debt taken on by the US Federal Government to finance the American Revolution|Revolutionary War, silver coins struck by the government left circulation, and in 1806 Thomas Jefferson|President Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins. The United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury was put on a strict hard money standard, doing business only in gold or silver coin as part of the Independent Treasury Act of 1848, which legally separated the accounts of the Federal Government from the banking system. However the fixed rate of gold to silver overvalued silver in relation to the demand for gold to trade or borrow from England. The drain of gold in favor of silver led to the search for gold, including the "California Gold Rush" of 1849. Following Gresham's law, silver poured into the US, which traded with other silver nations, and gold moved out. In 1853 the US reduced the silver weight of coins, to keep them in circulation, and in 1857 removed legal tender! status from foreign coinage.In 1857 the final crisis of the f! ree bank ing era of international finance began, as American banks suspended payment in silver, rippling through the very young international financial system of central banks. In the United States this collapse was a contributory factor in the American Civil War, and in 1861 the US government suspended payment in gold and silver, effectively ending the attempts to form a silver standard basis for the dollar. Through the 1860–1871 period various attempts to resurrect bi-metallic standards were made, including one based on the gold and silver franc, however, with the rapid influx of silver from new deposits, the expectation of scarcity of silver ended.The interaction between central banking and currency basis formed the primary source of monetary instability during this period. The combination that produced economic stability was restriction of supply of new notes, a government monopoly on the issuance of notes directly and indirectly, a central bank and a single unit of value. ! Attempts to evade these conditions produced periodic monetary crisis — as notes devalued, or silver ceased to circulate as a store of value, or there was a depression as governments, demanding specie as payment, drained the circulating medium out of the economy. At the same time there was a dramatically expanded need for credit, and large banks were being chartered in various states, including, by 1872, Japan. The need for a solid basis in monetary affairs would produce a rapid acceptance of the gold standard in the period that followed. |
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2005年10月30日
Fill trestle
Fill trestle[Construction]
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Fill_trestleA fill trestle is a bridge that is built to provide a scaffolding for the construction of a fill or an dam | earthen dam. Typically, the trestle is built across the valley and a railroad track is laid across the trestle. Specially designed side-dumping railroad car | railroad cars filled with earth or gravel are pushed onto it and dumped, burying the trestle. Typically, a fill trestle is constructed out of wood which remains buried in the fill and eventually decomposition | decomposes. Advances in construction technology, particularly the development of the dump truck, have rendered the fill trestle technique obsolete. |
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| Construction Renewal 2005.10.30
Hard hat / Rebar / Corrugated galvanised iron / Solar design / Brick / Construction / Tradesman / Bond (masonry) / Guastavino tile / Clunch / Wattle and daub / Tie rod / Papercrete / Scaffolding / Glassphalt / Mechanical floor / Reinforced concrete box / Straw-bale construction / Computer-aided design / Dump truck
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2005年10月29日
Wattle and daub
Wattle and daub[Construction]
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Wattle_and_daubDaub and wattle are building materials used in constructing houses. A woven latticework of wooden stakes called ''wattles'' is daubed with a mixture of mud and clay, animal dung and straw to create a structure. It is normally whitewashed to increase its resistance to rain. Examples of buildings which use wattle and daub can still be found in many parts of the world. In Half-timbered construction|half-timbered buildings, the wattle and daub is contained between wooden beams. This usually gives the building a black and white appearance when the daub is whitewashed, or brown and white, if it is not.The wattle and daub technique was used already in the Neolithic. It was common for houses of the Linearbandkeramic and R?ssen cultures of Central Europe, but is found in Western Asia as well (?atalh?y?k, Shillourokambos).This process is similar in modern architecture to lath and plaster, a common building material for wall surfaces, in which a series of wooden strips were covered w! ith a semi-dry plaster and then hardened into a flat surface. (This building method has itself been overtaken by drywall.) |
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| Construction Renewal 2005.10.29
Sewer / Corrugated galvanised iron / Land rehabilitation / Solar design / Bond (masonry) / Straw-bale construction / Steel-toe boots / Hard hat / Arris / Barn raising / Brick nog / Scaffolding / Brickwork / Platform framing / Slab-on-grade foundations / Riprap / Steel frame / Abated / Concrete / Civil engineering
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2005年10月28日
Health maintenance organization
Health maintenance organization[Insurance]
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Health_maintenance_organizationA Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is a type of managed care|Managed Care Organization (MCO) that provides a form of health insurance coverage that is fulfilled through hospitals, doctors, and other providers with which the HMO has a contract. Unlike traditional indemnity|indemnity insurance, care provided in an HMO generally follows a set of care guidelines provided through the HMO's network of providers. Under this model, providers contract with an HMO to receive more patients and in return usually agree to provide services at a discount. This arrangement allows the HMO to charge a lower monthly premium, which is an advantage over indemnity insurance, provided that its members are willing to abide by the additional restrictions. |
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2005年10月27日
Ashlar
Ashlar[Construction]
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AshlarAshlar is dressed stone work of any type of stone. Ashlar blocks are large rectangular blocks of masonry sculpted to have square edges and even faces. The blocks are generally 13 or 15 inches square, when smaller than 11 inches they are usually called "small ashlar".Ashlar blocks are used in the construction of many old buildings as an alternative to brick. Generally the external face is smooth or polished, occasionally it can be decorated by small grooves achieved by the application of a metal comb, this is usually only used on a softer stone ashlar block. This decoration is known as Mason's drag. |
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| Construction Renewal 2005.10.27
Construction Specifications Institute / Tool / Hard hat / Brickwork / Repointing / Piledriver / Arc welding / Structural failure / Arris / Falsework / Earthquake construction / Insulating concrete fo!
rms / Ready-mix concrete / Dump truck / Construction delay / Platform framing / Masonry / Dumper / Adobe / Construction engineering
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2005年10月26日
Anaphylactoid purpura
Anaphylactoid purpura[Diseases]
Anaphylactoid_purpuraAnaphylactoid purpura is a disease that can affect children. Its symptoms include: *fever *dark bruised welts on the body, mostly the legs *painful swelling of joints, especially knees and ankles *abdominal pain *blood in the urineScientists are not sure of the exact cause of this disease. Some researchers speculate that antibodies in the body from a previous cold or illness might cause a weakening of capillaries, causing the disease. The older a child is when they experience the symptoms, the more likely it is of a recurrence later. Most children recover after a couple of weeks on their own, but in some severe cases, a steroid may be prescribed. |
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